In this report, we provide an overview of the available options for electrically heating homes and the key differences between the techniques. To heat an entire home, the air-to-water heat pump, the hybrid heat pump, and the air-to-air heat pump are the most suitable, as they offer high efficiency. These techniques work best with good insulation. The electric boiler, infrared heating, and electric heating (radiators/underfloor heating) consume a lot of energy. Therefore, they are most suitable as supplementary heating, for example, in a room that is not used frequently.
For the total annual costs, all different cost components (investment costs, energy costs, maintenance costs, connection fees) have been converted into an annual amount. As primary heating, the air-to-water heat pump, the hybrid heat pump, and the air-to-air heat pump have the lowest annual costs, due to their high efficiency.