CE Delft has been publishing transport emission figures since 2008 under the name STREAM (Studie naar TRansportEmissies van Alle Modaliteiten).STREAM Passenger Transport focuses on providing climate and air pollution emission figures for the various passenger transport modes per passenger kilometre in the Netherlands that are comparable with each other.
In this publication, the following emissions were reported for each of the vehicle-powertrain-fuel type/energy carrier combinations: CO2, CH4 (methane) en N2O (laughing gas) (jointly expressed in CO2 equivalents), NOx, PM2.5 and PM10, EC, VOS and SO2. Both exhaust emissions (tank-to-wheel) and emissions released during energy production (well-to-tank) are included.
In line with the ISO 14083 standard, we have also quantified the production of energy infrastructure in addition to energy generation emissions, since the differences between these emissions are particularly relevant to solar and wind power. Other life-cycle emissions are not included in the emission figures.
We have included a roadmap for calculating the correct emission figures for a trip or use of a vehicle. The report provides an overview of the main emissions (CO2-eq., NOx and PM) of various vehicle categories based on averages. More detailed figures can be found via webtool. In addition to the main report, we have included a separate report with projections for emission factors in 2030.
After publication of the figures in 2023 and 2024, we updated the emission figures again. Data that has recently become available on aspects ranging from emission levels and the distribution of the road transport fleet to energy consumption and tram and metro occupancy rates and well-to-tank emissions for electricity and fuels, including biofuels, has been used. We have also updated the emission figures using recent tools for calculating aviation emissions.
Would you like to be informed about any updates or other information we publish in relation to emission figures for transport? Please subscribe to our STREAM newsletter at stream@ce.nl.
This study was funded by the Ministry of Infrastructure & Water Management (Ministerie van Infrastructuur & Waterstaat), Dutch Railways (Nederlandse Spoorwegen), ProRail, ANWB, Royal Netherlands Transport (Koninklijk Nederlands Vervoer), Milieu Centraal, Stimular and SKOA.