Since 2008, CE Delft has published emission factors for transport under the name STREAM (Study on Transport Emissions of All Modalities). STREAM Passenger Transport focuses on providing comparable climate and air pollutant emission factors for different passenger transport modes per passenger-kilometre in the Netherlands.
Following the publication of the 2023, 2024 and 2025 figures, we have once again updated the emission factors. Newly available data have been incorporated, including updated emission factors and fleet composition data for road transport, as well as Well-to-Tank emissions for electricity and (bio)fuels.
In this publication, the following emissions are reported for each vehicle-powertrain-fuel/energy carrier combination: CO₂, CH₄ (methane) and N₂O (nitrous oxide) (which can be expressed jointly in CO₂ equivalents), NOₓ, PM2.5 and PM10, EC, NMVOCs and SO₂. Both exhaust emissions (tank-to-wheel) and emissions released during energy production (well-to-tank) are included.
To determine the appropriate emission factors for a specific journey or vehicle use, we have included a step-by-step plan for carrying out the calculation. The report provides an overview of the key emissions (CO₂-eq., NOₓ and PM) for various vehicle categories based on average values. More detailed figures are available via the web tool.
Would you like to stay informed about updates we implement or other information we publish in relation to transport emission factors? Please subscribe to our STREAM newsletter via stream@ce.nl.
This study was funded by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management.